Methodolodgy & Sources | Vasudha Power

All the data provided on this website is compiled and collated from various government sources, Central as well as State, and also includes State and Central Regulatory Commissions and other Government Institutions such as the Central Electricity Authority, Solar Energy Corporation of India etc. Further, the data was largely taken from publicly available information such as publications of the various government departments and agencies or from their websites.

However, in some cases, data has been derived or assumed. These have been clearly footnoted in the respective sections along with the formula that have been used for the purpose. In some cases, we have clearly stated, that the numbers could be “indicative” and would be updated, as and when, the actual data is available in public domain.

Since the information available on this website covers all sources of electricity generation, there are some data points that are common, irrespective of the source of generation, such as geographical information, district water levels, air quality index taken from State and Central Pollution Control Board’s monitoring stations.

Further, data on the power sector is available from various authorities and agencies such as the Ministry of Power, Government of India, Central Electricity Authority, Power Systems Operations Corporation Limited (POSOCO), Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and so on. Therefore, to ensure uniformity of information, we tried to source information as far as possible from only Central Electricity Authority (CEA) for information on thermal power and a combination of data from CEA and SECI for information on Renewable Energy. However, we have tried to validate the authenticity of information we have used from other sources wherever possible.

Information Displayed	Source	Remarks
Name of the Power Plant	Thermal Performance Review reports, Central Electricity Authority – Updated year on year from their annual publication	Sourced, CEA Link to the website: https://cea.nic.in/
Installed Capacity	Thermal Performance Review reports, Central Electricity Authority – Updated year on year from their annual publication. Also referred to the Monthly installed capacity reports for the year 2020-21.	Sourced, CEA, Link to the website: https://cea.nic.in/ Link to Monthly Installed Capacity reports: https://cea.nic.in/old/monthlyinstalledcapacity.html
Date of Commissioning	Thermal Performance Review reports, Central Electricity Authority – Updated year on year from Central Electricity Authority year on year annual publication. Also, sourced from various Implementing agencies for the respective coal fired power plants.	Sourced, CEA Link to the website: https://cea.nic.in/
Ownership data / Name of the implementing Agency	Thermal Performance Review reports, Central Electricity Authority – Updated year on year from their annual publication
Location of the power plant	Location taken from CEA and geo-reference and cross checked using google maps
Geographical Information of the plant location (Proximity to bio-diversity hotspots, wetlands and Disaster zoning information)	Combination of data from Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Forest Survey of India and National Disaster Management Authority	Sourced, Link to number of Wildlife sanctuaries and national park data, MoEFCC : http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx Link to Forest Cover data, FSI: http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=sb_16 Link to Wetland data: https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vcms/en/National_Wetland_Inventory_and_Assessment_(NWIA)_Atlas.html NDMA Link: http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-profile.html Links to data on Earthquake: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/eq.html Links to data on Flood: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/flood.html Links to data on Wind Hazard: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/wind.html
Boiler type/Technology	Sourced from Environmental Clearance links or the website of the Thermal power plants, available on the Parivesh webiste	Sourced, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) Link to Parivesh website: http://parivesh.nic.in/
Annual Generation (2008-09 to 2017-18)	Thermal Performance Review Reports for the Years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 & 2017-18 published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) For Gas power plants the generation, referred to the monthly generation data, Central Electricity Authority (CEA)	CEA Link to CEA website: https://cea.nic.in/ Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2016-17: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2017%20(1).pdf Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2017-18: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2018%20(1).pdf
Annual Generation (2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23) *till 31st Aug 2022	Data taken from Monthly generation reports of the CEA available at the National Power Portal and then totaled up to arrive at the annual generation (for the month of Aug 2022, we have taken the data from daily generation as provisional values till we get the data for Monthly generation, which we will replace accordingly)	Sourced and Derived Source for Daily Generation reports: https://npp.gov.in/dgrReports
PLF (2008-09 to 2017-18)	Thermal Performance Review Reports for the Years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 & 2017-18 published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA)	Sourced, CEA Link to CEA website: https://cea.nic.in/ Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2016-17: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2017%20(1).pdf Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2017-18: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2018%20(1).pdf
PLF (2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23)	The PLF, Plant Load Factor was calculated based on generation and installed capacity. The methodology used to calculate PLF = Generation (converted in kWh)/ (24365 Capacity of the Plant/ Plant Unit) 100. This formula was used to arrive at the PLF in percentage. For 2022-23 the PLF has been calculated based on the generation till the month of Aug 2022.	Derived
Auxiliary Consumption (2008-09 to 2017-18)	Thermal Performance Review Reports for the Years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 & 2017-18 published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) The Auxiliary Consumption for the years 2018-19, 2019-2020, we took an average of the Auxiliary Consumption for that particular plant for the years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 & 2017-18. So, the Auxiliary Consumption for the plant, for the years 2018- 19 and 2019-2020 is indicative.	Sourced and Derived: CEA Link to CEA website: https://cea.nic.in/ Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2016-17: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2017%20(1).pdf Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2017-18: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2018%20(1).pdf
Forced Outage of power plants units (2012-13 to 2014-15)	Thermal Performance Review Reports for the Years 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). The forced outage data made available by CEA in the Thermal Performance Review Report, is the long duration outage with outage for more than 25 days.	Sourced, CEA Link to CEA website: https://cea.nic.in/ Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2016-17: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2017%20(1).pdf Link to Thermal Performance Review Report 2017-18: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/opm_grid_operation/2020/07/thermal_review-2018%20(1).pdf
Forced Outage of power plants units (2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-2020, 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23) *Till 31st Aug 2022	Compiled and aggregated from daily generation data. The loss of generation has been derived assuming a 100 % PLF	Derived and Sourced Source for Daily Generation reports: https://npp.gov.in/dgrReports
Heat Rate of Power plants units (2008-09 to 2017-18)	Thermal Performance Review Reports for the Years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 & 2017-18 published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA)	Sourced, CEA Link to CEA website: https://cea.nic.in/
Ramp up and Ramp Down Rates of Power Plant Units (2008-09 to 2017-18)	RRAS Instruction Summary reports, Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)	Sourced, Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) Link to RRAS Instruction Summary reports: https://posoco.in/reports/as3-details/
Power Purchase Cost – Plant Wise	Compiled from data taken from all Electricity Distribution Utilities (DISCOMs) from their website. In many cases to ensure accuracy of information, information from DISCOMs were also corroborated from “Power Purchase Agreements” from various State Electricity Regulatory Commissions	Sourced, Link available with DISCOM website and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
Water Usage Data	Information on the exact usage of water by power plants was not available. We instead used the projected water requirements of power plants from the Terms of Reference and Environment Clearances approved by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) (Parivesh website)	Assumed based on original submissions by plant operators
Water Linkage – Source of Water Supply to the power plant	The sources of water supply for every plant, for which information is available on this site was taken from the Terms of Reference and Environment Clearances. This is indicative as the source of water supply may have since changed	Assumed based on original submission by plant operators Link to Parivesh website: http://parivesh.nic.in/
Ground water Levels – Current (Pre-monsoon, post-monsoon water levels (2014-15 to 2020-21)	The ground water levels given in the website for each power plant, is primarily the ground water levels for the entire district and not just the location of the power plant. The source of this data is the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Central Water Commission (CWC)	Sourced and assumed, Link to the reports: http://cgwb.gov.in/GW-Year-Book-State.html
River Basin water and reservoir levels	The river water levels and reservoir levels are from the River Basin Atlas of India, River Water Authority and Central Water Commission (CWC) and Water Resources Information System of India (WRIS)	Sourced Link to the River Basin Atlas of India: https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/river-basin-atlas_india_cwc-isro_2012.pdf Link to the India WRIS: https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/
Per capita Water Availability – 2025 and 2050	The source of this data is the Central Water Commission. CWC projects the per-capita water availability for the period of 2025 and 2050 across various river basins of India. We identified all districts that fall in the respective river basins and assumed that the per-capita water availability projections for the said river basins, applies to all districts that fall in the said river basin. In the case of a few districts that fall in multiple river basins, we have assumed that predominant river basin, that covers the majority area of the district.	Sourced and assumed, Central Water Commission (CWC) Link for Per capita Water Availability – 2025 and 2050 : http://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/water%20and%20related%20statistic%20in%20india.pdf
Reservoir	The reservoir data has been sourced from the India WRIS portal, which comprises of month wise data of the water levels and water storage capacity for the years 2018-19 and 2019-2020 and of the 12 reservoirs from which thermal power plants source water, monitored by the Central Water Commission (CWC).	Sourced Link to the WRIS Portal: https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/Reservoirs
Air Quality Indicators (AQI) for SOx NOx, PM 2.5 and PM 10 AQI Index and levels of SO2, N02, PM 2.5 and PM 10	We sourced the data for NO2, SO2, from Sentinel 5P (L3) as accessed from the Google Earth engine. While, PM 2.5 and PM 10 data for India were obtained from ECMWF- CAMS (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) for two points of time, mainly January to December 2019 and January 2020 till date. And for identification of the AQI levels, we adopted the classification scheme from System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India.	Sourced and assumed Link to Air quality index, CPCB: https://app.cpcbccr.com/AQI_India/ Link to SAFAR website: http://safar.tropmet.res.in/AQI-47-12-Details Link to ECMWF- CAMS: https://www.ecmwf.int/
Status of Installation of FGDs (As on Aug 2022)	Information procured from Central Electricity Authority (CEA)	Information procured based on RTI filed on the 1^st February 2019 and response received on the 6^th March 2019. And another filed on 11^th March 2020 and response received on the 24^th April 2020. Further sourced from CEA, Link to FGD Status: https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/tprm/2020/12/summary_nov20.pdf
CO2 Emissions	This data was derived using the emission factor of 0.989kg/kWh for Coal based power plants, 1.37 kg/kWh for Lignite based power and 0.45 kg/kWh for Gas based power plants The emission factor was taken from Central Electricity Authority’s (CEA) Baseline Carbon Dioxide Emission Database Version 15.0. The Emission figures are only indicative and cannot be taken as the actual emissions, as we have not factored in the kind of coal and its calorific value, the boiler type, other fuel used such as starter fuels, the frequency of start and stop and so on to estimate the plant level or unit level emissions.	Derived and Sourced, CEA Link to CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector Report, https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/baseline/2020/07/user_guide_ver15.pdf
Proposed Power Plants List	The approach followed was to list out details of all applications put forth by Power Producers for permissions to set up Thermal Power Plants (Terms of Reference and Environmental Clearances). This data was taken from the Parivesh Website of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. For further information on plants that are in various stages of construction and commissioning, the data was sourced from Central Electricity Authority.	Sourced and Derived Link to Parivesh dashboard: http://parivesh.nic.in/
Fuel Linkage Linkage for Gas power plants	For gas power plants the data for fuel linkage and gas requirement was taken from the Environmental clearance and Environmental Impact Assessment reports , sourced from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)	Sourced
Source of Coal	The data for the Source of Coal, is Plant wise data, which has been taken from the Environmental Clearance (EC)s and Terms of Reference (ToR)s.	Sourced
Coal Consumption	For coal consumption, we sourced the monthly coal consumption data for all coal fired power plants from the Central Electricity Authority Fuel reports- report. We have this data from the years 2015-2016 to 2020-2021.	Sourced Link to monthly coal consumption data: Refer to Fuel Reports: https://cea.nic.in/old/monthlyarchive.html
Coal Usage per Unit generated (in Kg/ kWh)	For Coal usage per unit generated, we took the Coal consumption values from the monthly Fuel Report and the gross Generation values (factoring in auxiliary consumption + net generation (plant wise generation values)), we calculated the coal usage per unit generation in kg per kilowatt -hours.The data for Coal Usage per Unit generated is indicative.	Sourced and Derived
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the per unit cost data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived: Multi Years Tariff orders
Date of Decommissioning	The date of decommissioning gives information date/ year when the thermal power plant was decommissioned. The data is based on the list released by the Central Electricity Authority for those plants which have formally retired. But in very few cases, we have also taken those plants which were commissioned and have not been generating for more than 20 years. For example, in case Gas power plants list, we are considering Haldia Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant, as retired power plant, as it has not been generating for more than 20 years, and among the plants which have not generated, Haldia Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant was commissioned in 1979 plant and it was older than Kasba Thermal Power Station (GT) which was commissioned in 1991, so we are considering Haldia Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant, as retired.

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Name of the Plant or Farm	Solar Energy Corporation of India along with Central Electricity Authorities Publication (2020) and State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced
Developer Details	Solar Energy Corporation of India along with Central Electricity Authorities Publication (2020) and State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced
Installed Capacity	Solar Energy Corporation of India along with Central Electricity Authorities Publication (2020) and State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced
Date of Commissioning	Solar Energy Corporation of India along with Central Electricity Authorities Publication (2020) and State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced
Geographical Information	Sourced from SECI and geo-tagged to the location using google maps. In some cases, where the actual locations was not available, the geographical indicator is the district geo information.
State Installed Capacity (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Annual Reports and Physical Progress, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy *2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Aug 2022) Since the capacity is available till March 2021, capacity for 2021-22 is apportioned based on the generation and capacity addition trend historically	Link to Annual Reports and Physical Progress: https://mnre.gov.in/knowledge-center/publication https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress
State Electricity generation (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) *2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Aug 2022)	Sourced, Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA Link to Monthly reports: http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy Purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Proposed Solar Power Plants	Sourced from tenders of Solar Energy Corporation of India and State Renewable Energy Development Agencies.	Sourced, SECI Link to SECI Tendered projects: https://www.seci.co.in/view/publish/tender?tender=all
Technology – Solar type (PV/ Thermal)	Solar Energy Corporation of India along with Central Electricity Authorities Publications and State Renewable Energy Development Agencies	Sourced

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Name of the Plant or Farm	The Information has been sourced from Wind Directory, published by “Consolidated Energy Consultant Limited” for the years 2018 and 2019 However, instead of having individual ownership information, we compiled the information district wise and turbine make wise.	Sourced, Link to Publication: Link to the Publication: https://cecl.in/directory.php
Developer Details	The Information has been sourced from Wind Directory, published by “Consolidated Energy Consultant Limited” for the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 However, instead of having individual ownership information, we compiled the information district wise and turbine make wise.	Sourced, Link to Publication: Link to the Publication: https://cecl.in/directory.php
Installed Capacity	The Information has been sourced from Wind Directory, published by “Consolidated Energy Consultant Limited” for the years 2018 and 2019 However, instead of having individual ownership information, we compiled the information district wise and turbine make wise.	Sourced, Link to Publication: Link to the Publication: https://cecl.in/directory.php
Date of Commissioning	The Information has been sourced from Wind Directory, published by “Consolidated Energy Consultant Limited” for the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 However, instead of having individual ownership information, we compiled the information district wise and turbine make wise.	Sourced, Link to Publication: Link to the Publication: https://cecl.in/directory.php
Geographical Information	The exact location of the wind plant is not available, the geo location is the district geo information.
District wise Generation (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	The Generation data is also district wise and not individual turbine generation data *2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Aug 2022)	Derived and indicative
CUF (2015-16 to 2020-2021 and 2022-23*)	The CUF data is state wise, which was calculated taking the state generation and the capacity, it is not District level data *The CUF for 2022-23 has been calculated based on the generation available till 31^st Aug 2022	Derived and indicative
State Electricity generation (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Data taken from Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA and then totaled up to arrive at the annual generation *State electricity generation updated till 31^st Aug 2022	Sourced, Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA Link to Monthly reports: http://www.cea.nic.in/old/monthlyarchive.html
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy Purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Name of the Developer (for Bio mass and Cogen project)	Biomass Portal, under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and State government lists of bio power projects State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced Link to the Biomass portal: https://biomasspower.gov.in/index.php
Installed Capacity	Biomass Portal, under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and State government lists of bio power projects State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced Link to the Biomass portal: https://biomasspower.gov.in/index.php
Date of Commissioning	Biomass Portal, under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and State government lists of bio power projects State Renewable Energy Development Agency	Sourced Link to the Biomass portal: https://biomasspower.gov.in/index.php
Geographical Information	Sourced from Biomass Portal and geo-tagged to the location using google maps. In some cases, where the actual location was not available, the geographical indicator is the district geo information.
State wise Installed Capacity (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Annual Reports and Physical Progress, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy *2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Aug 2022)	Link to Annual Reports and Physical Progress: https://mnre.gov.in/knowledge-center/publication https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress
CUF (2015-16 to 2020-2021 and 2022-23*)	The CUF was assumed for each of the plant. This is only indicative and cannot be taken as the actual CUF of the plant. *The CUF has been calculated based on monthly generation data available till Aug 2022.	Derived and indicative
State Electricity generation (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) *2022-23 (Available till Aug 2022)	Sourced, Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA Link to Monthly reports: http://www.cea.nic.in/old/monthlyarchive.html
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy Purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Name of the Power Plant	Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)	Sourced, CEA and NPCIL Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
Installed Capacity	Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)	Sourced, NPCIL and CEA Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
Date of Commissioning	Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)	Sourced, NPCIL Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
Ownership data / Name of the implementing Agency	Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)	Sourced, NPCIL Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
Location of the power plant	Location taken from NPCIL and geo-reference and cross-checked using Google maps
Geographical Information of the plant location (Proximity to bio-diversity hotspots, wetlands and Disaster zoning information)	Combination of data from Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Forest Survey of India and National Disaster Management Authority	Sourced Link to number of Wildlife sanctuaries and national park data, MoEFCC: http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx Link to Forest Cover data, FSI: http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=sb_16 Link to Wetland data: https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vcms/en/National_Wetland_Inventory_and_Assessment_(NWIA)_Atlas.html NDMA Link: http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-profile.html Links to data on Earthquake: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/eq.html Links to data on Flood: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/flood.html Links to data on Wind Hazard: https://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/wind.html
Technology type (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor/Light Water Reactor etc.)	The data for technology type was sourced from each power plant page from the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) website	Sourced Link for plant pages on NPCIL website: https://npcil.nic.in/content/302_1_AllPlants.aspx
Annual Generation (2012-13 to 2022-23*)	For Annual generation for ,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 sourced data from the Generation reports published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) For the years 2015-16, 2016-17. 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-2020 sourced data from the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) website *Generation for 2022-23 (Updated till Aug 2022) sourced from CEA	Sourced, CEA Links for Generation reports for 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15: http://cea.nic.in/old/archives.html Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
PLF (2008-09 to 2022-23*)	Calculated and verified PLF for ,2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 sourced data from the Generation reports published by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) For the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-2020, 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23* sourced and derived based on the generation.	Sourced, CEA Links for Generation reports for 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15: http://cea.nic.in/old/archives.html Link for NPCIL: https://npcil.nic.in/index.aspx
River Basin water and reservoir levels	The river water levels and reservoir levels are from the River Basin Atlas of India, River Water Authority and Central Water Commission and Water Resources Information System of India	Sourced Link to the River Basin Atlas of India: https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/river-basin-atlas_india_cwc-isro_2012.pdf
Proposed Power Plants List	For the list of Proposed nuclear power projects, sourced the data from the section on ‘Status of Projects Under Construction” from the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) website.	Sourced Link to NPCIL website: https://npcil.nic.in/content/297_1_ProjectConstructionStatus.aspx
Fuel Linkage	For nuclear power plants the data for fuel linkage was sourced the data from each Power plant page, from the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) website.	Sourced Link to the NPCIL website: https://npcil.nic.in/content/302_1_AllPlants.aspx
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy Purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived: DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Name of the Developer (for small hydro project)	Sourced from multiple websites includes Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), States Renewable Energy Development Agencies, Developer website, State Power Corporations and other sources (all about renewables etc.)	Sourced Link to the all about renewables site: https://allaboutrenewables.com/small-hydro-power-ipps-list.html
Installed Capacity	Sourced from multiple websites includes Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), States Renewable Energy Development Agencies, Developer website, State Power Corporations and other sources (all about renewables etc.)	Sourced
Date of Commissioning	Sourced from multiple websites includes Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), States Renewable Energy Development Agencies, Developer website, State Power Corporations and other sources (all about renewables etc.)	Sourced
Geographical Information	Sourced from geo-tagged to the location using google maps. In some cases, where the actual location was not available, the geographical indicator is the district geo information.	Link to Annual Reports and Physical Progress: https://mnre.gov.in/knowledge-center/publication https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress
State wise Installed Capacity (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Annual Reports and Physical Progress, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy*2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Aug 2022)	Sourced, Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA Link to Annual Reports and Physical Progress: https://mnre.gov.in/knowledge-center/publication https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress
State wise Electricity generation (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) *2022-23 (Updated till 31^st Jul 2022)	Sourced, Monthly Renewable Generation Reports, CEA Link to Monthly reports: https://cea.nic.in/renewable-generation-report/?lang=en
CUF (2015-16 to 2022-23*)	*The state wise CUF has been calculated based on monthly generation data available till Jul 2022.	Derived and indicative
Power Purchase Cost	The power purchase cost data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data comprises of fixed cost, variable cost, total costs and other costs wherever given. The data sourced is mostly true-up power purchase cost values and approved values. In some cases, where we have calculated the data based on the values available (in the tariff order), for Energy Purchased by the DISCOM (in MU) and Fixed or Variable cost values (in Crores) We used the following formula to calculate Fixed and Variable cost at Rs. /kWh: Fixed Cost or Variable Cost = Cost (in crores) divided by Energy Purchased (in MU) In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values for cost.	Sourced and Derived DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders
Power Purchase Quantum	The power purchase quantum data was taken from the tariff orders for the DISCOMs for the years 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The data for the Power Purchase Quantum, captures the plant wise data for the Quantum of Electricity Purchase. In cases where the True up value was not available, we took the Commissioned approved values. Further, in rare cases where the commission approved values were not available, we took the Petitioner’s submitted values.	Sourced and Derived DISCOM Multi Years Tariff orders

S.No.	Element	Overview	Source
1	Current	Cumulative precipitation levels as recorded in the selected year.	Data Source: European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) : ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present (copernicus.eu)
2	10-year Baseline	Average of daily precipitation levels as recorded from 2010- 2020	Data Source: European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) : ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present (copernicus.eu)
3	Volume	Current storage capacity of the reservoir as reported weekly by Central Water Commission in million cubic meters.	India-WRIS: Reservoir Level, CWC https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/Reservoirs
4	Precipitation	Rainfall levels for the selected reservoir region as estimated by the methodology in Muñoz- Sabater et al 2021.	Muñoz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agustí- Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez- Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5-Land: a state-of- the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4349–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd- 13-4349-2021, 2021. Data sources: Historic Data: European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) : ERA5- Land hourly data from 1950 to present (copernicus.eu)
5	Prediction	Machine learning- based precipitation- runoff modelling enables the prediction of surface water flow using only the meteorologic al record of a water basin. Employing a ”sequence- to-sequence- to-sequence” model allows predictions to be based on the combination of meteorologic al forcing data and ex- ante forecast data while producing predictions to a ninety- day future horizon.	Preprint: Kruitwagen et al. Wave2Web: Near-real-time reservoir availability prediction for water security in India. https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/3381/ All data used in this work is obtained from publicly available sources. The dataframes used to train each basin network are publicly available at gs://oxeo- public/wave2web/h2ox-ai The trained models are available via github at https://github.com/H2Oxford/h2ox-ai/tree/main/models Model inference is provided in near-real- time via the api.h2ox.org data service. Documentation for this service can be found at api.h2ox.org/docs
6	Dead zone	The volume of water that cannot be released from a reservoir as it lies below the level of the lowest outlet.	Central Water Commission, CWC: http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/admin/updation-lsc.pdf Damodar Valley Corporation, DVC: https://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/dams-barrages/ Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd, OHPC: Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd. (ohpcltd.com) Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited, UPJVN: http://www.upjvn.org/Home/Rihand
7	Reservoir Timeseries	Reservoir Timeseries shows relevant reservoir information (including precipitation, volume etc.) for the past year leading into the 90- day forecast. The dead zone volume is also indicated allowing users to get a clear understandin g of water availability.
8	R-squared (R2) value	R-squared (R2), or the coefficient of determination, is a statistical measure that represents the strength of the relationship between the fitted model and the dependent variable. R2 values are positive only in the case of a linear regression fit and if the model test data and fitted data are the same. In other scenarios R2 values may be negative and essentially indicates poor performance of the model. In the reservoir forecast model we evaluate performance in terms of volume. Volume is a more actionable metric for our stakeholders, who need to understand the change relative to the current water supply. The performance among reservoirs may vary for a number of reasons, including size and location. It is important to understand and research the reasons behind poorer performance for specific reservoirs in the study. For instance the timeseries for Maithon is noisy, making it difficult to predict. This may reflect human intervention in its water management, or low-quality data. Regardless, the impact is a lower-quality forecast for this reservoir.	Alexander DL, Tropsha A, Winkler DA. Beware of R(2): Simple, Unambiguous Assessment of the Prediction Accuracy of QSAR and QSPR Models. J Chem Inf Model. 2015 Jul 27;55(7):1316-22. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00206. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PMID: 26099013; PMCID: PMC4530125. Forthcoming: Kuzma et al. Using a deep learning framework to forecast reservoir water availability in India. WRI. Preprint: Kruitwagen et al. Wave2Web: Near-real-time reservoir availability prediction for water security in India. https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/3381/

S.No.	Element	Overview	Source
1	Dependent Power Plant	Thermal power plants (typically coal-based) withdrawing water from the selected reservoir. Power plants reservoir dependency and locations are taken from Vasudha Power Info Hub, which has collated this information from multiple sources.	Data source: https://vasudhapower.in
2	Capacity	The installed capacity of the power plant is the maximum peak capacity that the system is designed to run at without causing any damage to it. Unit: Megawatt (MW)	Definition: https://vasudhapower.in/methodology/ glossary Data Source: Central Electricity Authority, https://cea.nic.in/
3	Water Efficiency	Water efficiency is the volume of water in cubic meters required to produce one megawatt hour of energy. The latest Regulations on Water Withdrawal Intensity Notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), India in December 2018 mandates that existing freshwater-based thermal power plants limit their specific water consumption to 3.5 m3/MWh. All freshwater-based once-through cooling plants are additionally required to install cooling towers and subsequently achieve the norm of 3.5 m3/MWh. New plants (commissioned post 2016) to additionally achieve zero liquid discharge along with meeting the norm of 3 m3/MWh. Certain new technologies tested in other countries enable further water saving and achieve water efficiency rates of 1.6 m3/ MWH to 2.52m3/ MWh	Nivit Kumar Yadav and Sugandha Arora 2021, Water-Inefficient Power: Implementing Water Norms and Zero Discharge in India’s Coal- Power Fleet, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. Water Inefficient Power (cseindia.org) Industrial water benchmarking study for india (slideshare.net) Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates (iop.org)
4	Actual Generation	Amount of electricity produced in the current financial year as coalited by Vasudha Power. Unit: Million Units (MU) or GWh	https://npp.gov.in/dgrReports
5	Estimated Water Use	Water Efficiency*Actual Generation	Forthcoming: Kuzma et al. Using a deep learning framework to forecast reservoir water availability in India. WRI.
6	Compliances Status	Current status of compliance of coal-power plants with respect to the implementation of the water norms.	Nivit Kumar Yadav and Sugandha Arora 2021, Water-Inefficient Power: Implementing Water Norms and Zero Discharge in India’s Coal- Power Fleet, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. Water Inefficient Power (cseindia.org)
7	Once through cooling/ Cooling tower	Cooling technology: 1. Once- through cooling systems withdraw water from a surface water source, run it through the condenser, and return it to the source. 2. Cooling tower systems, use water to cool the steam in the condenser and then dissipate heat from the cooling water using evaporativ e cooling through draft towers.	Definition Source: Luo, T., A. Krishnaswami, and X. Li. 2018. “A Methodology to Estimate Water Demand for Thermal Power Plants in Data-Scarce Regions Using Satellite Images.” Technical Note. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: http://www.wri.org/publication/water-power-methodology
8	Generation Loss - Plantwise	Energy loss due to shutdown of a generating unit from unavailability or shortage of water. Water shortage may be due to drought or water stress in the area where the power plant is situated or for other technical reasons which impede the water supply to the power plant. Unit: Million Unit (MU) Multiple reports on forced outages have been published by CEA tracking annual power outages. This information is compiled and aggregated on the Vasudha Power Info Hub website and is presented here without any modifications.	Vasudha Power Info Hub. n.d. Glossary of abbreviations and terminologies. https://vasudhapower.in/methodology/glossary Data Source: https://vasudhapower.in/

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Peak Demand Met and Demand Met	Peak Power demand and demand met sourced from POSOCO Daily and monthly reports	Sourced, Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) Link: https://posoco.in/reports/daily-reports/ https://posoco.in/reports/monthly-reports/
Deficit/Surplus	Electricity generation and Energy met yearly and monthly	Sourced and Derived: POSOCO and CEA
Energy Demand Gap	Installed Capacity and Peak Demand met yearly and monthly	Sourced and Derived: POSOCO and CEA

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Cost – Quantum	Power Purchase cost and quantum sourced from DISCOMs Tariff Orders	Sourced and Derived: DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders
Net Importer/Exporter	Power Purchase quantum sourced from DISCOM tariff order and Electricity Generation sourced from CEA	Sourced: DISCOMs Tariff Order and CEA Derived from electricity generation and Inter and Intra power purchase by the states

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Collection & Billing Efficiencies	Sourced from Annual Accounts and Tariff orders and derived by Formula: Billing Efficiency (%) = ((Electricity Sold (MU)/Electricity Input (MU))*100 Collection Efficiency (%) sourced from Tariff Orders, annual accounts and PFC reports for DISCOMs	Sourced and Derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports Performance of Power Utilities, PFC Reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20
AT&C Losses	Sourced from Tariff Orders and annual accounts of DISCOMs from 2015-16 to 2020-21	Sourced and Derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports Performance of Power Utilities, PFC Reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20
T&D Losses	Sourced from Tariff Orders and annual accounts and derived by Formula: Total Losses (Mus)/Total Energy purchased For years 2015-16 to 2020-21	Sourced and Derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports

Information Displayed	Source	Data Sourced or Derived
Cost Parameters	Sources from Distribution Utilities (DISCOM) Tariff Orders, Annual Reports and PFC report for the year 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21	Sourced and Derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports Performance of Power Utilities, PFC Reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20
Revenue Parameters	Sources from Distribution Utilities (DISCOM) Tariff Orders, Annual Reports and PFC report for the year 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21	Sourced and derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports Performance of Power Utilities, PFC Reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20
Subsidy Booked and Received	Sources from Distribution Utilities (DISCOM) Tariff Orders, Annual Reports and PFC report for the year 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21	Sourced and Derived DISCOMs Multi Years Tariff Orders and Annual Reports Performance of Power Utilities, PFC Reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20

S.No.	Element	Overview	Source
1	Current storage	The volume of water currently held in a reservoir is displayed under current storage. This is indicated as a percentage of the full storage capacity of the reservoir. Current storage: 35% indicates that the reservoir storage is at 35% of the total capacity of the reservoir.	Data Source: India-WRIS: Reservoir Level, CWC https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/Reservoirs
2	Current Volume	Current Volume or Live capacity is the volume of water actually available at present. This volume is reported as usable volume available above the dead storage of the reservoir. This volume is reported in units of Million Cubic meters (MCM).	Data Source: India-WRIS: Reservoir Level, CWC https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/Reservoirs
3	90-day volume trend	This indicative graph gives a quick visual update on the predicted trend for the selected reservoir’s water level for the next 90-days. Please see the Reservoir Timeseries chart for the detailed prediction and additional information.

Methodology